(Not Dr.Orsini - he's working on a walrus today :))

How do you learn this stuff?? How do you study at home w/o the specimen 
without falling asleep?

Drawing pictures will help. Don't have to be an artist.

[drew pic of scapula and humerus - see notes.]

don't need to memorize long formulas of origins and insertions. just need 
to know what muscles attach where and what they do? Eg, might give a 
scapula w/the spine highlighted, and ask "what muscle attaches here" ?

* deltoid comes off scapular spine and inserts proximally on lateral side 
of humerus - intrinsic muscle of shoulder.

* cervical/thoracic trapezius (extrinsic muscle of shoulder) the cervical 
pulls scapula forward, thoracic pulls it back.

* omotransversarius - "shoulder-transverse process of atlas". extrinsic. 
acts to shorten distance between neck and shoulder - can draw shoulder 
forward or draw neck/head downward or to the side.

OTher shoulder muscles:

* brachiocephalicus: extrinsic - distal humerus to various sites
* serratus ventralis: extrinsic - from serrated portion of scapula 
(medial side) to thoracic and cervical ribs.
* rhomboidius - capitis, cervicis, thoracis. thoracis short and thick, 
others longer and thinner. see notes for diagram. 
*latissimus dorsi - long, broad, attaches to medial aspect of humerus, 
flexes shoulder, draws forearm back. extrinsic muscle of shoulder. 
*teres major - originates at caudal border of scapula, and inserts w/the 
latissimus dorsi on the medial side of the humerus (on the teres major 
tuberosity.) [note: don't need to know "teres major tuberosity", just 
need to point to part of bone, know it is medial side and proximal end of 
humerus.]
*superficial pectorals, attach way down humerus
*deep pecs attach more proximally. both sup and deep pecs are extrinsic 
muscles.

Intrinsic muscles of the limb

* triceps - 4 heads in the dog. 6 heads in the reptiles. 3 heads in the 
cats.
 - long head(s): come off caudal border of scapula
 - short head(s): come off humerus
attach to olecranon process of the elbow. Functions to extend the arm - 
key muscle of the forelimb. Used in push ups...Innervated by radial 
nerve, so radial nerve damage prevents extension of forelimb.

* biceps brachii - antagonist to triceps.two heads in people - clavicular 
head isn't present in dogs, so only one head. goes from superglenoid 
tubercle of scapula to proximal radius and ulna. Inserts on rad/ul with 
the brachialis muscle

* brachialis - prox rad/ul to lateral/proximal/caudal humerus.

biceps and brachialis are flexors of elbow.

what is function of teres minor? "who cares" - it's a fairy tale :)


attachment is a good neutral term for origin or insertion.