9.12.96 dr.orsini - back from the bronx :)

LOOK AT Dyce fig 2-61, 2-8, 1-6, 1-16a, 1-24, 16-9
tomorrow am, at 11am clinical correlation, no 9am chalk talk.
Dr.Biery will be coming, need to be in room BY 11 am!!!!!
____________

Bones! Pelvis of the horse, femur of horse. Look at bone descriptions in 
small miller's.

Think about hind leg, how it is attached to spinal column....really 
attached by pelvis. Front leg all muscular/fibrous attachment. But 
hindlimb won't fall off if muscles all cut. 

look at pelvis diagram. note sacral and ischial tuberosities

pelvic girdle - has right and left os coxae, broken down into Ilium, 
Pubis, and Ischium, and acetabulum. In mature animal, can't really see 
separations.
Wing like part of pelvis= Ilium. Most caudal part is Ischium. Pubis is 
most ventral/medial part, and acetabulum is where the femur fits in.

Obturator foramen is bounded by the pubis and the ischium.
Note that clinically, the anatomy of this area is more important in the 
small animal than in the large animal. Small animals are more prone to 
perineal hernias. The muscle overlying the obturator foramen on the 
inside of the pelvis is the internal obturator. The external obtorator is 
on the outside of the pelvis.

Internal obturator inserts into the trochanteric fossa of the femur with 
the other caudal hip muscles. (external obturator, gemelli, quadratis 
femoris) Obturators originate on surfaces of the pubis (?). NOTE that the 
int. obturator goes from being fan shaped to a fine tendon, which crosses 
the lesser ischiatic notch and goes to the trochanteric fossa. as it 
crosses the ischium, it goes over the gemelli, which are covering that 
region of bone. The gemelli often have a depression from the pressure of 
that tendon. When you pull off the tendon of insertion, you should see a 
bursa between the tendon and the bony surface of the ischium.

quadratis femoris thicker than obturator, starts near origin of external 
obturator, inserts in trochanteric fossa.

all these muscles act to laterally rotate the hindlimb.

patella- sesamoid bone. intercalated- embedded in a tendon. sits in front 
of knee joint.

sacrotuberous ligament: from sacrum to ischiatic tuberosity. broader in 
horse than in dog, nonexistent in cat.

knee=stifle

hamstring muscles

biceps femoris: origin = ischiatic tuberosity and sacrotuberous ligament, 
insertion = fascia lata, patella, achilles' tendon. can extend hip, flex 
stifle, extend hock. can also extend the stifle by contracting the 
patellar insertion and the tibial insertion. that's a minor action, 
though.

semitendinosis
semimembranosis  -- see diagram drawn from board; see miller's for these 
muscles.