10.10.96

no clinical correlation this week or next week. this coming monday: go 
right up to the lab, no chalk talk. Tues and Wed will discuss GI system 
and diffs between ruminant, horse, dog/cat. It's important to know 
topology of GI tract in large animal for clinical practice.  Don't open 
abdominal wall til next week.

p 137 of smallwood
note sciatic nerve, don't worry about the branches. 
spend today looking at the thorax. note vagosympathetic trunk, cervical 
ganglion, sympathetic trunk, phrenic nerve, note aorta, subclavian, 
brachial, don't worry about branches of those. won't need to know. 
DO appreciate line of pleural reflection where costal parietal pleura 
hits diaphragm and becomes diaphragmatic pleura.

[horse has 18 ribs, goat has 13 ribs like dog]

anyway, re: line of pleural reflection. KNOW that in goat, smaller 
animal, diaphragm is more vertical, in horse, larger animal, more 
sloping. the most caudoventral aspect of thorax is defined by the 
diaphragm.  the line of pleural reflection is the most caudoventral 
aspect of pleural cavity. if you go cranial to it, you can drain the 
pleural cavity; caudally, you get peritoneal fluid. you want to go in as 
ventrally as possible, and as caudally as possible, in the thorax, to 
drain thoracic fluid.

there's a term mentioned in dog, and in the horse and goat there is a 
cranial spance of pleural cavity called the cupula. that's the area just 
cranial to the first rib which is STILL intrapleural space. this is 
important clinically because neck lacerations in that region can rip the 
pleura and cause problems.

when you look at the coxofemoral joint, note that there is the ligament 
of the femoral head holding the head of the femur into the acetabulum, 
and there is also an extionsion of the PREPUBIC TENDON, the tendinous 
insertion of the rectus abdominus, which is on the front of the pelvis. 
pregnant horses will tear that sometimes. in the HORSE ONLY there is an 
extension of that tendon (tendon present in dog too) which extends to the 
head of the femur: accessory ligament of femoral head.


there is also a transverse acetabular ligament at the acetabular notch, 
which kind of continues the rim of the acetabulum.

for folks doing dogs, do disarticulation and head removal. look at the 
joints carefully, see everything, you'll be throwing them out later.

pp 114-118 in millers. look at the attachment of the atlas and axis, as 
well as occipital bone.

look carefully at vertebra. note the cartilaginous disk. cut carefully 
between two vertebral bodies and note the cartilaginous ring w/ 
gelatinous inside: annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus. these are big 
deals in the dachsunds and basset hounds, where the disks tend to 
prolapse. the annulus can herniate and spill nucleus into spinal canal.

thoracic vertebrae have something really neat associated w/it. they have 
ribs attached to them, right? and this cute little ligament runs from one 
rib on one side to the other rib on the other side, coverning the 
fibrocartilaginous disk dorsally. this is the INTERCAPITAL ligament, and 
it seems to keep the disks from prolapsing into the spinal cord in the 
thoracic region.

there are also the VENTRAL and DORSAL LONGITUDINAL LIGAMENTs running down 
the length of the spinal column. take note of them. appreciate the venous 
sinus near the dorsal ligament.