----start anat.lec.12.3.96---

hearts and kidneys....heaaaaa-aaarts and kidneys....hea-arts and 
kidneys....

(pardon me, non-fans of paul simon.)

kidney of the goat is doglike or "normal" with expected renal pelvis, 
renal crest emptying in, etc. should be fairly easy.

kidney of the horse is weird looking- it isn't kidney shaped, for one 
thing, it's more heart shaped, compressed anterioposteriorly, especially 
the right kidney, which may be wider than it is long. and has some 
anatomical differences. 

recall the renal pelvis: expanded end of ureter; and the renal crest 
extending into it.

note: the renal crest is a ridge inside the kidney - an internal 
structure: it's a ridge where the papillary ducts empty out.

in the horse, the area around the entry point of the ureter and the renal 
vessels - eg the HILUS - is surrounded by an indentation called the RENAL 
SINUS. this external structure is usually fat filled.

the tubules at the cranial and caudal poles, in the horse, don't empty 
into the renal crest. in these areas the equine kidney has terminal 
recesses. these are collecting areas for the urine that are not lined 
with anything. the rest of the collecting areas do have a fibrous lining, 
but here there isn't one, so it can be confused with renal veins. you 
need to be able to differentiate these cranial and caudal terminal 
recesses.

cow/ox kidney: from the outside, the kidney appears lobate - see 
smallwood page 86 for picture. there are numerous lobes, it's kind of 
elongate, the ureter enters at the hilus normally, but different internal 
anatomy. the renal pyramids remain separate - each lobe alone, each has a 
renal papilla which is surrounded by a funnel shaped calyx.. the calyces 
extend toward the center, coming together to join the ureter's cranial 
and caudal branches. so you see there is no real "renal pelvis" - when 
the ureter enters the kidney, it branches cranially and caudally, it 
doesn't expand into a normal renal pelvis. there's still a single hilus, 
and a renal sinus. each renal pyramid contains an outer cortical region 
and a deep medullary region, with a radiating tubular region like in the 
dog...

HEARTS
the heart is very well covered in miller and pretty well covered in 
smallwood. there will be prosected large animal hearts and don't cut them 
up any more!
also we'll have the hearts from our horses and goats. look at atria and 
ventricles and valves and vessels. remember that things come in on the 
right and go out of the left for systemic circulation....


one of the things smallwood has in bold is a difference bet the ruminant 
and the horse, and that's the caudal cardiac vein and artery - ignore 
that. 

look for fetal remnants: foramen ovale and ligamentum arteriosus. these 
are easier to find in large animals than small...

one other thing about hearts: two main grooves: subsinuosal groove 
between the two ventricles and a paraconal interventricular groove. the 
subsinuosal groove starts out below the coronary sinus, which is where 
the coronary vessels enter the heart, below the caudal vena cava. the 
paraconal groove is beside the conus arteriosus, which is the entry into 
the pulmonary trunk where the blood leaves to go to the lungs.

---end---